Perpetrators, victims, and bystanders

In genocide studies, perpetrators, victims, and bystanders is a typology for classifying the participants and observers of a genocide, first proposed by Raul Hilberg in the 1992 book Perpetrators Victims Bystanders: Jewish Catastrophe 1933–1945.[2][3] Although considered a key element of scholarship on genocide,[4] the typology has also been criticized for vagueness and leading to overgeneralization. Jan Gross proposed that helpers and beneficiaries be added to the classification.[3] Robert Ehrenreich proposed that being a perpetrator, bystander, or victim is on a sliding scale rather than a discrete classification.[4] The triad is also used in studying the psychology of genocide.[5][6][7]

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Anfal campaign Anti-communist mass killings Indonesia 1965–66 Atrocities in the Congo Free State Compulsory sterilization Democide Ethnic cleansing Ethnocide Forced assimilation Mass killings under communist regimes Holodomor / genocide question Massacres of Hutus during the First Congo War Predictions of a genocide in Ethiopia Vendée debate Raphael Lemkin
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