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Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)
State in Central Europe between 1920–1946 / From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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The Kingdom of Hungary (Hungarian: Magyar Királyság), referred to retrospectively as the Regency and the Horthy era, existed as a country from 1920 to 1946[lower-alpha 1] under the rule of Regent Miklós Horthy, who officially represented the Hungarian monarchy. In reality there was no king, and attempts by King Charles IV to return to the throne shortly before his death were prevented by Horthy.
Kingdom of Hungary | |
|---|---|
| 1920–1946 | |
| Motto: Regnum Mariae Patrona Hungariae (Latin) ("Kingdom of Mary, the Patron of Hungary") | |
| Anthem: Himnusz (English: "Hymn") | |
.svg) The Kingdom of Hungary in 1942 | |
| Capital and largest city | Budapest |
| Official languages | Hungarian |
| Recognized regional languages | Rusyn[1][2] (in Subcarpathia) |
| Spoken | Romanian • German • Slovak • Croatian • Serbian • Yiddish • Slovenian • Romani[3] |
| Ethnic groups (1941)[3] | |
| Religion (1941)[3] | List
|
| Demonym(s) | Hungarian |
| Government | Authoritarian regency (1920–1944) Hungarist totalitarian one-party dictatorship (1944–1945) Transitional coalition government (1945–1946) |
| King | |
• 1920–1946 | Vacant[note 1] |
| Head of state | |
• 1920–1944 | Miklós Horthy[note 2] |
• 1944–1945 | Ferenc Szálasi[note 3] |
• 1945–1946 | High National Council[note 4] |
| Prime minister | |
• 1920 (first) | Károly Huszár |
• 1945–1946 (last) | Zoltán Tildy |
| Legislature | Diet |
• Upper | Felsőház |
• Lower | Képviselőház |
| Historical era | Interwar · World War II |
| 29 February 1920 | |
| 4 June 1920 | |
| 26 March 1921 | |
| 21 October 1921 | |
| 2 November 1938 | |
| 14 March 1939 | |
| 30 August 1940 | |
| 11 April 1941 | |
| 27 June 1941 | |
| 19 March 1944 | |
| 16 October 1944 | |
| 1 February 1946 | |
| Area | |
| 1920[4] | 92,833 km2 (35,843 sq mi) |
| 1930[5] | 93,073 km2 (35,936 sq mi) |
| 1941[6] | 172,149 km2 (66,467 sq mi) |
| Population | |
• 1920[7] | 7,980,143 |
• 1930[8] | 8,688,319 |
• 1941[9] | 14,669,100 |
| Currency | Hungarian korona (1920–1927) Hungarian pengő (1927–1946) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| UTC+2 (CEST) | |
| [note 5] | |
| Driving side | right (from 1941) |
| |
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Hungary under Horthy was characterized by its conservative, nationalist and fiercely anti-communist character. The government was based on an unstable alliance of conservatives and right-wingers. Foreign policy was characterized by revisionism — the total or partial revision of the Treaty of Trianon, which had seen Hungary lose over 70% of its historic territory along with over three million Hungarians, who mostly lived in the border territories outside the new borders of the kingdom. Hungary's interwar politics were dominated by a focus on the territorial losses suffered in this treaty, with the resentment continuing until the present.
Nazi Germany's influence in Hungary has led some historians to conclude that the country increasingly became a client state after 1938.[10] The Kingdom of Hungary was an Axis Power during World War II, intent on regaining Hungarian-majority territory that had been lost in the Treaty of Trianon, which it did in early 1941. By 1944, following heavy setbacks for the Axis, Horthy's government negotiated secretly with the Allies, and also considered leaving the war. Because of this Hungary was occupied by Germany and Horthy was deposed. The extremist Arrow Cross Party's leader Ferenc Szálasi established a new Nazi-backed government, effectively turning Hungary into a German-occupied puppet state.
After World War II, the country fell within the Soviet Union's sphere of influence. It changed its name to the Hungarian State[11] (Hungarian: Magyar Állam) and the Second Hungarian Republic was soon thereafter proclaimed in 1946, succeeded by the communist Hungarian People's Republic in 1949.