Islam
Abrahamic religion founded by Muḥammad / From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Islam (/ˈɪslɑːm/; Arabic: ۘالِإسْلَام, al-ʾIslām [ʔɪsˈlæːm] ⓘ, transl. "Submission [to the will of God]")[2][3][4] is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion centered on the Quran and the teachings of Muhammad.[5][6] Adherents of Islam, called Muslims,[7] number approximately 1.9 billion globally and are the world's second-largest religious population after Christians.[8][9]
| Islam | |
|---|---|
| الِإسْلَام al-'Islām | |
| |
| Type | Universal religion |
| Classification | Abrahamic |
| Scripture | Quran |
| Theology | Monotheistic |
| Language | Classical Arabic |
| Territory | Muslim world |
| Founder | Muhammad |
| Origin | CE 610; 1413 years ago (610) Jabal al-Nour, Hejaz, Arabia |
| Separated from | Arabian polytheism |
| Number of followers | c. 1.9 billion[1] (individually referred to as Muslims, collectively referred to as the ummah) |
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Muslims believe that Islam is the complete and universal version of a primordial faith that was revealed many times through earlier prophets, the most important being Adam (believed to be the first man), Noah (Nuh), Abraham (Ibrahim), Moses (Musa), and Jesus (Isa).[10] Muslims consider the Quran to be the verbatim word of God and the unaltered, final revelation.[11] Alongside the Quran, Muslims also believe in previous revelations, such as the Tawrat (the Torah), the Zabur (Psalms), and the Injeel (Gospel). These earlier revelations are also associated with Judaism and Christianity, which are regarded by Muslims as earlier versions of Islam.[12] They also consider Muhammad as the main and final Islamic prophet, through whom the religion was completed. The teachings and normative examples of Muhammad, called the sunnah, documented in accounts called the hadith, provide a constitutional model for Muslims.[13] Islam teaches that God (Allah) is one and incomparable.[14] It states that there will be a "Final Judgment" wherein the righteous will be rewarded in paradise (Jannah) and the unrighteous will be punished in hell (Jahannam).[15] The Five Pillars—considered obligatory acts of worship—comprise the Islamic oath and creed (shahada); daily prayers (salah); almsgiving (zakat); fasting (sawm) in the month of Ramadan; and a pilgrimage (Hajj) to Mecca.[16] Islamic law, sharia, touches on virtually every aspect of life, from banking and finance and welfare to men's and women's roles and the environment.[17][18] Prominent religious festivals include Eid al-Fitr and Eid al-Adha. The three holiest sites in Islam in descending order are Masjid al-Haram in Mecca, Al-Masjid an-Nabawi in Medina, and Al-Aqsa Mosque in Jerusalem.[19]
The religion of Islam originated in Mecca about 610 CE.[20] Muslims believe this is when Muhammad began receiving revelation.[21] By the time of his death, most of the Arabian Peninsula had converted to Islam.[21] Muslim rule expanded outside Arabia under the Rashidun Caliphate and the subsequent Umayyad Caliphate ruled from the Iberian Peninsula to the Indus Valley. In the Islamic Golden Age, mostly during the reign of the Abbasid Caliphate, much of the Muslim world experienced a scientific, economic and cultural flourishing.[22] The expansion of the Muslim world involved various states and caliphates as well as extensive trade and religious conversion as a result of Islamic missionary activities (dawah),[23] and through conquests.[24][25]
There are two major Islamic denominations: Sunni Islam (85–90%)[26] and Shia Islam (10–15%).[27][28][29] While Sunni–Shia differences initially arose from disagreements over the succession to Muhammad, they grew to cover a broader dimension, both theologically and juridically.[30] Muslims make up a majority of the population in 49 countries.[31][32] Approximately 12% of the world's Muslims live in Indonesia, the most populous Muslim-majority country;[33] 31% live in South Asia;[34] 20% live in the Middle East–North Africa; and 15% live in sub-Saharan Africa.[35] Sizable Muslim communities are also present in the Americas, China, and Europe.[36][37] Due largely to a higher fertility rate than that of other religions, Islam is the world's fastest-growing major religious group, and if current trends hold it would slightly surpass Christianity as the world's largest religion by the end of the 21st century.[38]