Environmental economics

Environmental economics is a sub-field of economics concerned with environmental issues.[1] It has become a widely studied subject due to growing environmental concerns in the twenty-first century. Environmental economics "undertakes theoretical or empirical studies of the economic effects of national or local environmental policies around the world. ... Particular issues include the costs and benefits of alternative environmental policies to deal with air pollution, water quality, toxic substances, solid waste, and global warming."[2]

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Environmental economics
Carbon price Carbon credit Carbon emission trading Carbon fee and dividend Carbon finance Carbon offset Carbon tax Emissions trading Environmental tax Personal carbon trading Pigovian tax Social cost of carbon
Climate change Carbon footprint Climate change mitigation Food miles
Concepts Bright green environmentalism Circular economy Degrowth Eco commerce Eco-innovation Ecological economics Ecological modernization Ecotechnology Environmental enterprise Environmental finance Fiscal environmentalism Green accounting Green development Green economy Green growth Green job Green paradox Green recovery Green trading Marginal abatement cost Natural resource economics Pollution haven hypothesis Sustainable design Sustainable development Sustainable tourism Thermoeconomics Value of Earth
Energy transition 2000-watt society Carbon neutrality Carbon-neutral fuel Environmental technology Feed-in tariff Fossil fuel phase-out Low-carbon economy Net metering Renewable energy commercialization Sustainable energy
Policies Climate finance Carbon leakage Eco-investing Environmental pricing reform Environmental tariff Free public transport Green industrial policy Green New Deal Green politics Rail subsidies
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Environmental economics is distinguished from ecological economics in that ecological economics emphasizes the economy as a subsystem of the ecosystem with its focus upon preserving natural capital.[3] One survey of German economists found that ecological and environmental economics are different schools of economic thought, with ecological economists emphasizing "strong" sustainability and rejecting the proposition that human-made ("physical") capital can substitute for natural capital.[4]