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25 kV AC railway electrification

Standard current and voltage settings for most high-speed rail / From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

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Railway electrification systems using alternating current (AC) at 25 kilovolts (kV) are used worldwide, especially for high-speed rail. It is usually supplied at the standard utility frequency (typically 50 or 60 Hz), which simplifies traction substations. The development of 25 kV AC electrification is closely connected with that of successfully using utility frequency.

East_coast_main_line._-_geograph.org.uk_-_103409.jpg
The East Coast Main Line in the United Kingdom is electrified using 25 kV 50 Hz overhead lines
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Railway electrification systems used in Europe:
  Non-electrified
  750 V DC
  1.5 kV DC
  3 kV DC
  15 kV AC
  25 kV AC
High-speed lines in France, Spain, Italy, the Netherlands, Belgium and Turkey operate under 25 kV, as do high power lines in the former Soviet Union.

This electrification is ideal for railways that cover long distances or carry heavy traffic. After some experimentation before World War II in Hungary and in the Black Forest in Germany, it came into widespread use in the 1950s.

One of the reasons why it was not introduced earlier was the lack of suitable small and lightweight control and rectification equipment before the development of solid-state rectifiers and related technology. Another reason was the increased clearance distances required where it ran under bridges and in tunnels, which would have required major civil engineering in order to provide the increased clearance to live parts.

Railways using older, lower-capacity direct current systems have introduced or are introducing 25 kV AC instead of 3 kV DC/1.5 kV DC for their new high-speed lines.